Linux Basic Commands

Hello!! Friends Backtrack 5 R3 is one of the Linux operating system so we can operate Backtrack with Linux common command. Learning Linux operating system is very easy and you must familiar with the unix commands if you want use Backtrack 5 R3. Here I am post some common Linux commands which will be used on Backtrack 5r3 ,4,3,2 Kali Linux eg..

Lets Start..

ls

list: list. It shows the contents of the folder we indicate later. For example. If we want to show us what's in / etc:

# Ls / etc

If we do not interpret anything what we want to see is the contents of the folder where we are today:

# Ls

To display all files and folders, including hidden:

# Ls-a

To display the files and folders along with the rights you have, what occupies, etc:

# Ls-l

If we wanted to display the files in the same way as before, but also showing the hidden:

# Ls-la

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CD

change directory: change directory. We can use it with absolute or relative paths. On the whole we indicate absolute path from the root (/). For example, wherever we are, if we write in console ...

# Cd / etc / apt ... we take that folder directly.

# Cd / ... send us to the root of the filesystem.

Relative paths are relative to something, and that something is the folder where we are now. For example if we are on / home and want to go to a temporary folder called within our personal folder.

# Cd tu_carpeta / temporal

We avoided the / home early because otherwise we introduce draws on the directory where you are.

# Cd

What this does is it takes you directly to your personal folder and wherever we are, is really very practical, very simple and that not everyone knows.

---------------------------------------------------------------- mkdir

make directory: make directory. Create a folder with the name that you indicate. We may use absolute and relative paths. We can tell you the whole path that precedes the directory we want to create, or if we are in the folder that will contain just enough to put the name:

# Mkdir / home / your_account / cucumber

If we are in / home / your_account ...

# Mkdir cucumber

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rm

remove: delete. Clears the file or folder that you indicate. As before you can enter the full path and file name. This from now we will ignore, I think it has become clear with the two previous commands.

To delete a file: # rm filename

To delete an empty folder: # rm foldername

To delete a folder containing files and / or other folders:

# Rm-r foldername

Other options: "-f" does not ask for confirmation to delete or "-v" shows what clears.

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cp

copy: copy. Copy the file indicated where you say. Here we can also play with routes for both the source file, as in the destination. You can also put the name you want to give the copy. For example, if we were in / etc/X11 and would like to make a backup of xorg.conf in our personal folder:

# Cp xorg.conf / home / tu_carpeta / xorg.conf.backup

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mv

move: move. Same as above, only instead of making a copy, directly drives the file as you indicate, can be other than the original:

# Mv / etc / pepino.html / home / tu_carpeta / ese_pepino.html

Another very practical use that can be given is to rename a file. Simply indicate the new name in the second argument with the same path first. In this example we assume that we are in the folder that contains:

# Mv pepino.html ese_pepino.html

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find

find: find. Find the file or folder that you specify:

# Find /-name cucumber

The above command would look everywhere folders and files called cucumber. If we were confident that is located at / var eg it indicaríamos:

# Find / var-name cucumber

If we're not sure of the name can indicate it with wildcards. Suppose we seek name contains "Pepi" in the same folder as before:

# Find / var-name * pepi *

You have other options. For example we can tell you find the files / folders over 1500 KB:

# Find /-size +1500

Or the files / folders containing the name "Pepi" and have less than 1000 KB:

# Find /-name *-size pepi * -1000

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clear

clear: clear. Clears the screen / console.

# Clear

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ps

Process Status: status of processes. It shows us what we want to know about the processes running on your system.Each process is identified by a number called PID. If we place ...

# Ps-A

... Will show a listing of all processes, their PID to the left and to the right name. If you want more information:

# Ps aux

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kill

kill: kill. Eliminates the process we indicate with PID:

# Kill

Sometimes the process does not "die" at all, but you can force the system to safely kill him as follows:

# Kill -9

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sudo

super-user do: do as root. The user account in Ubuntu is relatively normal. Have administrator rights to half. I mean, it does, but every time you do something important and systemic risk, it must be done by the prefix "sudo" and then typing the password.

For example, something we have done many times in the tutorials is to make a backup of the xorg.conf file. It is located in the / etc/X11 and that any user can change or delete anything if you are not an administrator or have rights as such, thanks to sudo. So we always did:

# Sudo cp / etc/X11/xorg.conf / etc/X11/xorg.conf

Whenever we need to make a apt-get/aptitude update or install and actions of this kind, we have to put before the "sudo".

passwd

password: password. This command can change the password for our account. First we asked the current password as a security measure. Then prompts you to enter twice the new password.

# Passwd

his

super-user: root. By "their" we loguearnos as root. After writing it will ask for the root password and we as administrator.

# Su

This command also allows you to login with a different account. For example, imagine we have another account, besides root and ours, called "guest". To login as such would be sufficient to:

# His guest

and then enter the password for that account.

sudo passwd

Thanks to the combination of these two commands you can change the root password (the super-user).

# Sudo passwd

man

manual: manual.'s another powerful commands in linux.Program or command is normally comes with a complete help file on their use and their arguments. When desconozcáis how it is used and what arguments have a command or application you only have to type in console:

# Man named

Sometimes the information you provide us man can become excessive. Almost all commands and applications accept the argument "- help" to display more summarized some help. For example with aptitude:

# Aptitude - help

EXPLORING THE FILE SYSTEM

The file system is a collection of files and the directory hierarchy of your system. Among the main directories are:

/ Bin

/ Bin stands for binaries or executables. It is home to most of the essential system. Most (if not all) of the files in / bin with an asterisk (*) appended to their names. This indicates that they are executable files.

/ Dev

The files in / dev are known as device drivers (device drivers) and are used to access system devices and resources such as hard drives, modems, memory, etc..

/ Etc

/ Etc contains a number of system configuration files.These include / etc / passwd (the user database), / etc / rc (system initialization scripts, etc.).

/ Sbin

/ Sbin is used to store essential system that will use the same administrator

.

/ Home

/ Home contains the users' home directories. For example, / home / user is the user directory. On a newly installed system, there is no user in this directory.

/ Lib

/ Lib contains the shared library images. These files contain code that share many programs. Instead of each program containing its own copy of the shared routines, they are stored in a common place in / lib. This makes executable files smaller and saves space on disk.

/ Proc

proc is a "virtual file system". Files that are stored in memory contains, not on disk. They refer to various processes running on the system, and allow you to get information about which programs and processes are running at any given time.

/ Tmp

Many programs have a need to generate some information and store it in a temporary file. The location for these files is / tmp

/ Usr

/ Usr directory is very important. It contains a number of subdirectories in turn contain some of the most important and useful programs and configuration files used in the system.

The directories described above are essential for the system to be operational, but most of the things that are in / usr are optional for the system. Anyway, are those optional things that make the system useful and interesting.

/ Var

/ Var contains directories that often change their size and tend to grow.

COMMAND LIST 

LINUX Commands
1	ac	Print statistics about the time they have been connected users.
2	adduser	See useradd.
3	alias	Create shortcuts to commands, list current aliases.
4	apt-get	Tool actualizacón / remote installation packages in debian based systems.
5	arp	Lets get / manipulate the list of MAC / IP addresses that the system sees.
6	arping	Sends ARP REQUEST to other computers on the network.
7	arptables	Firewall functions similar to control iptables but arp protocol traffic.
8	at	Work program, commands, scripts for later execution.
9	atq	List scheduled jobs pending execution by the at command.
10	awk	Analysis and processing patterns in files and listings.
11	basename	Delete the path name of a file.
12	bc	Calculator and mathematical language, very powerful.
13	biosdecode	BIOS information.
14	blkid	Displays attributes of block devices (disks, usb, etc..) Such as LABEL and UUID, among others.
15	bzcat	Uncompress files using bzip2 compressed or packaged.
16	bzip2	Compressor / decompressor files.
17	bzmore	View the archive contents or packaged using bzip2.
18	lime	Displays a calendar.
19	cat	Displays the contents of files and concatenates files.
20	CD	Change directory.
21	cfdisk	Disk partitioning tool, mainly used on Debian systems.
22	chage	Change the information (expiration, revocation, etc.) of a user's password.
23	chattr	Change extended attributes of files and directories
24	chfn	Change the information used in finger.
25	chgrp	Changes the group of a file (s) or folder (s).
26	chkconfig	Controls / query how services are running or not on startup.
27	chmod	Change the permissions of a file (s) or folder (s).
28	chown	Changes the owner of a file (s) or folder (s).
29	chpasswd	Upgrade passwords or passwords in batch mode. Passwords can update user groups.
30	chroot	Execute commands in a restricted shell root to a directory and its subdirectories.
31	chsh	Change your default shell or login shell.
32	cleanlinks	Cleans symlinks unrelated and also removes empty directories.
33	clear	Clean the terminal.
34	cmp	Compares two files byte by byte.
35	convertquota	Converts from old formats quota.group quota.user and new formats and aquota.group aquota.user.
36	cpio	Copy, create, and extract compressed files in different formats and between teams or locally.
37	crontab	Manage files and cron for root users.
38	curl	Allows you to download or transfer url's.
39	cut	Removes sections (columns mainly) of each line of a file or files.
40	date	Displays / sets the date and time.
41	dc	Interactive Calculator.
42	dd	Convert and copy files and file systems.
43	ddate	Displays the date in calendar format jarring.
44	df	Displays space usage of hard drives or partitions.
45	diff	Search and show differences between files.
46	dig	Props for querying DNS servers.
47	dircolors	Color setup for ls.
48	dirs	Allows you to display, manipulate the list of directories used in the stack. (See popd and pushd)
49	dmesg	Displays messages system startup (boot).
50	dmidecode	List of computer hardware BIOS directly.(Also: lshw)
51	dos2unix	Converts files from MS-DOS to Unix format / Linux.
52	du	Displays space usage of files and directories.
53	dump	Allows creation of backups for the file systems ext2 and ext3.
54	ECHO	Prints a line of text, variables, or content to a file.
55	edquota	Manages disk quota control user and group.
56	egrep	It's like the 'grep-E', to use regular expressions.
57	eject	Unmount and eject removable media such as CD-ROMs.
58	env	Run a program in a modified environment.
59	ethtool	Allows you to display or change values ​​of a network card.
60	exit	Exits the current shell or terminal.
61	expect	Create sequences and dialogues with other interactive sessions programmed commands or scripts.
62	export	Exports the value of a variable.
63	exportfs	Maintains a list of file systems NFS type which have been exported.
64	expr	Mathematical expression evaluator.
65	factor	Find the primes of a given number.
66	fc	List, edit and reejecuta previously executed commands.
67	fdisk	Disk partitioning tool, common to almost all distros.
68	fgrep	It's like 'grep-F' to use regular expressions in file searches and listings.
69	file	Determines the file type.
70	find	File search, multiple search options.
71	findfs	Find a filesystem by UUID or LABEL (label).
72	findsmb	List information about computers that respond to SMB packets. List a Windows network. (Part Samba)
73	finger	Displays information about the system users.
74	Fortune	Prints a random adage.
75	fping	Lets send ICMP packets (pings) to multiple computers on a network and determine if they are alive or not.
76	free	Shows the used and free space of RAM and Swap.
77	fsck	Tool to verify / repair file systems.
78	fuser	Identify processes using files or connections (sockets).
79	gawk	Analysis and processing patterns in files and listings. (Gnu version)
80	gcc	C compiler and GNU C + +.
81	gedit	GNOME text editor.
82	gpasswd	Enables management of the file / etc / group
83	gpg	Tool generation encryption and security certificates (opengpg).
84	grep	Look for patterns of strings within files.
85	groupadd	Create a new group in the system.
86	groupdel	Deletes a group in the system.
87	groupmod	Modifies a group on the system.
88	groups	Prints the groups to which a user belongs.
89	gzip	Compresses / expands files.
90	halt	Turn off the computer.
91	hdparm	Sets and displays features on the hard drives.
92	head	Displays the first lines of a file.
93	help	Help on bash internal commands.
94	history	Displays the user's command history.
95	host	Utility consulting DNS server host.
96	hostname	Displays the computer name.
97	htpasswd	Manage files of user / password for basic authentication of Apache.
98	hwclock	Displays / Sets the date / time changes or hardware. (Date / Time System to date)
99	id	Displays the UID (User ID) and GID (Group ID) of the user
100	ifconfig	Displays / Configures the system's network interfaces.
101	ifstat	Small utility that allows to observe statistics of network interfaces in real time.
102	init	Initialization control ejecucción level.
103	insmod	Modules inserted in the kernel.
104	ipcalc	Perform simple calculations on IP addresses.
105	ipcount	Identifying ranges of network, IP's calculation.
106	iptab	Displays an IP address table prefix according to CIDR
107	iptables	Firewall configuration tool for Linux.
108	iptraf	Network traffic analyzer in text mode.
109	iwconfig	Set up a wireless network card.
110	iwlist	Gets details of a wireless card.
111	jobs	Displays user jobs in suspension or background.
112	kate	KDE Text Editor.
113	kill	Terminates processes, more correctly sends signals to processes.
114	killall	End processes with the same name or group.
115	last	Displays information from past users logged.
116	lastb	Displays information from the previous failed attempts to login.
117	less	Displays the contents of an archive, searchable and movement back and forth.
118	ln	Create links (shortcuts) soft and hard files and directories.
119	locale	Specific information about the local environment variables.
120	locate	Indexes and searches files. Slocate safer to use.
121	losetup	Defines and controls devices such as 'loop'.
122	lpq	Sample documents for printing in the print queue.
123	lpr	Add a document to the print queue.
124	ls	List files and directories.
125	lshw	List of computer hardware BIOS directly.(Also: dmidecode)
126	lsmod	Displays the status of the modules in the kernel.
127	lsof	Displays open files in ejecucción program, or a user, process, etc.
128	lspci	List PCI devices in the system.
129	lsusb	List system usb devices.
130	mail	Send and receive email.
131	man	Command displays the manual indicated.
132	mc	Handler archvivos with mouse support in text mode, not every distro I have.
133	mcedit	Mc text editor.
134	md5sum	Check (and creates) files with md5 signature certification.
135	mkdir	Create directories.
136	mkfs	Build a Linux file system.
137	mkpasswd	Password generator. (Software Package 'expect').
138	modinfo	Displays information about kernel modules.
139	modprobe	Tool to add / remove kernel modules.
140	more	Pager similar to but less funcioanal less as it comes forward and retocede.
141	mount	Monta storage partitions enabled devices listed.
142	mtools	Set of utilities to access DOS disks from Linux.
143	mv	Moves files and directories.
144	netstat	Network Utility showing connections, routing tables, interface statistics, etc..
145	nice	Run a program with a priority other than normal ejecucción.
146	nohup	Runs a program immune to hangups and without access to a terminal.
147	openssl	Control, management, security certificate generation.
148	partprobe	Tells the operating system to the changes mentioned in / etc / fstab
149	passwd	Changes the specified user's password.
150	ping	Send an ECHO_REQUEST (echo request) to a computer on the network.
151	pkill	Send signals to processes based on their attributes.
152	popd	Removes entries (directories used) from the list of directories used in the stack.(See dirs and pushd)
153	pr	Format or convert text files for printing.
154	ps	Displays system processes or user or both.
155	pstree	Displays processes as a tree.
156	pushd	Adds entries (directories used) in the directory list (stack or stack). (See dirs and popd)
157	pwck	Check the integrity of the file / etc / passwd
158	pwconv	Add shadow protection or sets the file / etc / passwd.
159	quota	You can see the use of user fees.
160	quotacheck	Create, verify, manage disk quota systems
161	quotaoff	Deactivates disk quotas.
162	quotaon	Active control disk quotas for users and groups.
163	rdesktop	Open graphics terminals has? Ia Windows computers.
164	reboot	Restart the computer.
165	renice	Changes the priority of a process or program ejecucción.
166	repquota	Report use of disk quotas.
167	resolveip	Solve the ip or host domain indicated.
168	rev	Reverses the lines of a file.
169	rm	Deletes or removes files.
170	route	Displays / changes the IP routing table.
171	rpm	Program installation / update / removing packages, redhat based distros.
172	runlevel	Displays the current run level and previous system.
173	scp	Copy files between computers, part of the package openssh (encrypted communication protocol).
174	screen	Virtual terminal manager.
175	thirst	Editor online file filters and transforms.
176	service	Run / stop services manually.
177	set	Displays or sets the environment variables for the user actuual.
178	sha1sum	Check (and creates) files sha1 signature certification.
179	shopt	Enables or disables variables shell optional behavior.
180	shred	Delete files securely and unrecoverable.
181	shutdown	Turn off or restart your computer.
182	sort	Sort lines of files and playlists
183	ss	Props like netstat but basic socket set fast listings.
184	ssh	Secure remote login program, openssh package program (encrypted communication protocol).
185	startx	Log X.
186	his	Change the current user indicated.
187	sudo	Allows user runs indicate that root commands.
188	sync	Forza memory blocks to disk, update the super block.
189	tac	As cat shows and / or concatenated files in reverse.
190	tail	Displays the end of a file.
191	tailf	Synonym tail-f command, lets you see in real time the end of a file, ie as you type, useful for monitoring logs.
192	tar	Tool packer / compressor files.
193	testparm	Check samba smb.conf file for errors or corrections.
194	time	Returns the time that you ran the command or program indicated.
195	top	Displays system processes interactively and continuously.
196	touch	Create empty files, change access dates and / or modification of files.
197	tput	Change values ​​or terminal capabilities, based on terminfo.
198	traceroute	Prints the route network packets to the destination.
199	tty	Print the name of the terminal on which this.
200	tzselect	Set an area or zone.
201	umask	Set permissions mask when creating directories and files.
202	umount	Unmount file systems.
203	unalias	Removes alias command, created with the alias command.
204	uname	Displays system information.
205	uniq	Omits or reports on repeated lines in a file or listing.
206	units	Converter units from one system to another, supports dozens of metrics.
207	up2date	Upgrade Tool / remote installation package (used in redhat, centos).
208	uptime	Shows how long has turned on the computer.
209	urpme	Urpmi package program to uninstall or remove packages.
210	urpmi	Upgrade Tool / remote installation packages, rpm based distros (used in mandriva).
211	useradd	Add users.
212	userdel	Removes users.
213	usermod	Modifies user information.
214	users	Displays the user names of all users currently connected to the system.
215	vi	Display visual editor, text editor, you find in all Linux distros.
216	vim	Same as vi but improved.
217	visudo	Editor for the configuration file / etc / sudoers sudo.
218	vmstat	Provides information on virtual memory.
219	w	Shows who is connected to the system and you are doing.
220	wall	Send a message to all terminals.
221	warnquota	Configure / etc / warnquota.conf to complement messages for disk quotas.
222	wc	Account words, lines, characters from a file or listing.
223	wget	File Downloader from the Internet and not interactive.
224	whatis	Short description, in a line of a command or program.
225	whereis	Locate the binary, source and / or libraries, and documentation of a comado.
226	Which	Shows the full path of a command.
227	who	Shows who is connected to the system.
228	whoami	Displays the current user.
229	xhost	Access control for X sessions
230	xkill	Mata or ends to an X client, ie a graphics program.
231	yes	Prints a string repeatedly until terminated or killed the command.
232	yum	Upgrade Tool / remote installation packages, rpm based distros (used in fedora, redhat and derivatives).
233	zcat	Unzip / sample files compressed with gunzip (identical to gunzip-c)
234	zenity	Displays various types of dialogues in X from a terminal.
235	zless	Displays the contents of compressed files.
236	zmore	Displays the contents of compressed files.